For example, end users often expected a direction-finding fix to be a point, rather than an area of probability. (V)3 is similar to (V)2 but adds an additional shelter and workstation. The Swedish Air Force operates the S-102B Korpen aircraft which is a modified Gulfstream G-IV business jet. Several submarines have a COMINT system made by US Southwest Research, under the US code name CLUSTER SENTINEL. France operates the C-160 aircraft twin-turboprop tactical transport, due to be replaced by the Airbus Military A400M transport when that enters service from 2009. Signals intelligence by alliances, nations and industries, New Zealand Combined Signals Organization, Government Communications Security Bureau, Australian Defence Satellite Communications Station, Joint Tactical Information Distribution System, Blind Man's Bluff: The Untold Story of American Submarine Espionage, China's anti-satellite (ASAT) test in 2007, "Report on the existence of a global system for the interception of private and commercial communications (ECHELON interception system)", "Information Warfare (IW): Signals Intelligence (SIGINT), Electronic Warfare (EW) and Cyber-Warfare. Sie haben die Wahl", "Memorandum for Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, Subject: Revelation of the Fact of Satellite Reconnaissance in Connection with the Submission of Arms Limitation Agreements to Congress", "Memorandum for [then-Director of Central Intelligence] Mr. Bush, Subject: Declassification of Satellite Reconnaissance", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Signals_intelligence_operational_platforms_by_nation&oldid=1134426688. An upgraded version of the same SIGINT payload is flown on U-2. SIGINT capability, however, is fairly rare, with France in the Western European lead. Remoteable Analysis Workstations (RAWS) provides the capability to do analysis and reporting in or away from the shelter, connecting via LAN or radio in the latter case. Compatible with VoiceOver and TalkBack, the app provides audio instructions to blind and visually impaired people to guide them step . [41] Thales provided the electronics, and Compagnie Nationale de Navigation built the ship to requirements defined by the Military Intelligence Directorate (DRM) with a planned 30-year lifetime. The other antennas, a 15m radome and seven uncovered smaller dishes, are intended for the fully automated US naval Mobile User Objective System, a new 'next generation' narrowband networked satellite constellation for Ultra-High-Frequency satellite communications enabling secure all-weather and all-terrain 3 and 4G mobile telecommunications. The NSAconducts extensive training of its employees to ensure that the workforce is aware and understands the regulations governing NSAactivities. Boeing also has built a "Wedgetail 737" for Turkey, and appears to be marketing this as an alternative to the lower-end systems being built for business jets such as the Gulfstream. HIDRAH provides RRTs with a threat I&W capability during radio reconnaissance foot-mobile patrols and signal homing support for tactical recovery of aircraft and personnel operations. They also sought German involvement in Helios 2. The team portable collection system (TPCS) upgrade is a semiautomated, man-transportable communications intelligence (COMINT) system. [4] A 'cyber-warfare' unit at the station focuses on computer data traffic. (Some Sturgeon-class submarines such as USSGurnard were fitted with the AN/WLR-6 and AN/BRD-7 Systems in the late 1960s.) The system fits into 3 HMMWVs with mounted standard integrated command postlightweight multipurpose shelters, tunnel-mounted power generation units, and towed 2.4 meter (C, Kuband) and 6.1 meter (C, Ku, X-band) antennas. It is believed that was the last Tselina-2, with a next generation coming. Essaim is a third-generation technology demonstrator with some operational capability. Besides Pacific governments, other targets have included non-UKUSA diplomatic missions businesses, and international organizations operating in the South Pacific. The Mexican Air Force has 2 Embraer P-99s and 1 Embraer R-99A. The French Air Force will begin retiring its fleet of C-160 transports in 2005. }eLw1FV7',J CA6M[Asn6z. European defense policy called for three new bodies that would need intelligence support: a Political and Security Committee composed of ambassadors with an advisory role to the EU Council of Ministers, a Military Committee of senior officers, and a Multinational Planning Staff. Three new sensors have been installed for aircraft position and attitude control: an inertial reference unit (IRU), an attitude and heading reference unit (AHRU), and a global positioning system (GPS). The Gulf of Tonkin incident, in 1964, involved two-destroyer DESOTO patrols equipped with intercept vans, backed up with carrier air patrols. TCAC is the primary system used by the Radio Battalion SIGINT support unit. The WEY headquarters does have an Intelligence Section that produces finished intelligence for the member states, within the capabilities of a staff of six. The domestic SAAB Grintek Defence (Formally Avitronics) firm installs the Shrike ESM system, covering 218GHz, as does the Israeli Elbit TIMNEX 4 CH ELINT/targeting set, which provides radar warning, and 1.4 to 5 degree DF (depending on frequency). Some Ilyushin Il-38SD were upgraded as part of "Programme Samudrika". ARMY SIGNALS INTELLIGENCE TRAINING IN THE BRIGADE COMBAT TEAM PREPARING FOR LARGE-SCALE COMBAT OPERATIONS, by MAJ Nicholas R. Haines 124 pages. A flight management system with two Gemini 10 computers and a new radio management system have also been installed. Signals intelligence is a subset of intelligence collection management. [93], Italy and France are cooperating on the deployment of the dual-use Orfeo civilian and military satellite system.[103]. A new generation of ELINT satellites, possibly combining the land and sea missions, may be in development. As a result of ASA casualties during ground SIGINT in Vietnam, ASA developed its own fleet of tactical SIGINT aircraft, starting with the U-6 Beaver. Spain plans a dual-use optical and radar system. [27] These facilities often have both a SIGINT receiving and a higher-level management and control function. v"H~vs|-]b9l8xV7qQJ8)x?%!#k%)]@Fg pJsoKGh? giR%q{RC0v5j(YIG1*j'd?%)$MU1Z5iiWVU#@PsoC/u`WF}%7$g+nvx8as9n?:?p$@fcidV+Y\IYI"j%,?}D}paB*AO":XW.#b !vm3 dm5qP=&)lpY/m+`giljgrI" JeQCf%% VUg=QWUf #&GZ9*Ni*T>stream The U.S. Constitution, federal law, executive order, and regulations of the Executive Branch govern NSA's activities. Modern ship installations generally involve intercept stations in mobile vans, which can be put onto the deck of a warship, although some nations, such as Russia and Spain, use essentially unarmed modified fishing vessels. The Tangimoana Station was built in 1981 by the Third National Government and began operations in 1983. At NSA, we must keep pace with advances in the high-speed, multifunctional technologies of today's information age. They operate sophisticated equipment to gather, sort, and scan intercepted foreign communications and non-communications. Signals intelligence operational platforms are employed by nations to collect signals intelligence, which is intelligence-gathering by interception of signals, whether between people (i.e., COMINT or communications intelligence) or between machines (i.e., ELINT or electronic intelligence), or mixtures of the two. The JDFPG is currently equipped with six large radomes and 13 small radomes and uncovered dishes intended for military and civilian SATCOM, cellphone and internet voice and metadata interception. German submarines use multiple SIGINT systems. %PDF-1.5 [80] A reengined version, Sarigue-NG, went into service in 2000. Essaims operate in a linked system of three active satellites with an in-orbit spare. [93] It has not been announced if Spain, as a Helios 2 partner, will have access to French Essaim ELINT. In response, the French government sought Italian and Spanish funding in, and cooperation with, the HELIOS 1 program. 4 0 obj The executive order, however, prohibits the collection, retention, or dissemination of information about U.S. persons except pursuant to procedures established by the head of the agency and approved by the Attorney General. Bosnian operations continued to point out dependency on the US for C4I. Italy is developing the Cosmo-Skymed X-band polarimetric SAR, to fly on two of the satellites. He further alleges that GCHQ Bude in Cornwall is also a SigInt collection system associated with the Echelon network.[5]. If successful at collec-tion, mapping, and predictive analysis, HE360 would provide an unprecedented intelligence offering to both commercial and foreign government customers.10 The proposed commercial RF signal monitoring capability is Executive Order 12333 (EO 12333) authorizes agencies of the Intelligence Community to obtain reliable intelligence information, consistent with applicable Federal law and EO 12333, with full consideration of the rights of U.S. persons. Coupled with an AN/SSQ-120 Transportable Radio Direction-Finding system, the ACCES provides a complete SIGINT collection system. 541: Helios 2", "HELIOS IIA: A New Boost for European Defence", "Successful Launch Second German Sar-Lupe Observation Satellite", "ZEIT ONLINE | Lesen Sie zeit.de mit Werbung oder im PUR-Abo. counterintelligence (CI) pre- and post-foreign travel briefs support you by providing: - _ defensive actions needed to defeat threats _ information on local and regional threat environments _ reportable activity guidelines _ travel area intelligence and security practices and procedures While this is not an explicit SIGINT system, the French-Italian cooperation may suggest that Italy can get data from the French Essaim ELINT microsatellites. The Transalls provided NATO SIGINT in Bosnia.[79]. The new facility, becoming ops in 2010, is equipped with 4 large 25m radomes covering dish antennas intended to monitor and intercept voice and metadata SATellite COMmunications. Decommissioned in May 1999, the next generation was a former supply ship used since 1988 by the Nuclear Experiments Department for the Pacific Tests Centre (CEP), named Bougainville. [54], All US submarines, as new construction on the Virginia-class submarines and retrofitted to the Improved Los Angeles-class submarines and possibly Seawolfs, will receive an upgraded Electronic Support (ES) suite, designed as a minimally manned, passive receiving system capable of detection, acquisition, identification, and localization of a variety of signals of interest. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like select all that apply. NSA, with NRO cooperation, operates a number of National Security Agency/Central Security Service (NSA/CSS) sites and other support activities.[26]. Cognetivity's CognICA TM uses Artificial Intelligence and machine learning techniques to help detect the earliest signs of cognitive impairment by testing the performance of large areas of the brain. These two warships were also assigned with UKUSA station designationsNZC334 and NZC335 respectivelyand were deployed on six-week missions to the South Pacific and Southeast Asia during the late 1980s and 1990s.[46]. Germany operates several tactical ground platforms for SIGINT gathering. Arguably, one combined intercept and jamming technique of WWI was the use of shotguns against carrier pigeons, followed by reading the message attached to the bird. An improved version of the AN/MLQ-36, used by the Army and Marines, is a multifunction, open-architecture AN/MLQ-36A Mobile Electronic Warfare Support System Product Improvement Program, which is a total replacement of the electronics in the AN/MLQ-36. Airbus (formerly DASA) also equips German submarines with the Telegon 12 HF interception and DF suite. SIGINT is intelligence derived from electronic signals and systems used by foreign targets, such as communications systems, radars, and weapons . It carried out significant missions in the Indian Ocean following the 11 September 2001 attacks. Australia also has ordered this aircraft. [59], Under the code names HOLYSTONE, PINNACLE, BOLLARD, and BARNACLE,[60][61] began in 1959, US submarines infiltrated Soviet harbors to tap communications cables and gather SIGINT. Its official mission was space-based surveillance, in particular early warning for ICBM launches and nuclear detonations using US Defense Support Program satellites in geostationary orbits. A third variant, with a similar appearance, but of Israeli manufacture, are used by Israel and South Africa. The name stands for Systeme Aeroporte de Recueil dInformations de Guerre Electronique (Airborne Electronic Warfare Information Gathering System) and also is the French word for Opossum, a shy and retiring animal. [citation needed]. The collection of signals intelligence (SIGINT) from space has been a critical component of this effort. NR1 operated for thirty-three years until being closed down in 1982. The USSR appears to have emphasized ELINT more than COMINT in their space-based SIGINT program. A further clue is provided by Yakima's proximity to a normal satellite receiving station, which lies 100 miles (160km) to the north.". The British Nimrod R1 was a variant of the Nimrod maritime patrol aircraft. [62], Signals intelligence operational platforms by nation, United Kingdom: strategic ground platforms, United States: strategic ground platforms, US Marine Corps: tactical ground stations, US Army and Marines: tactical ground stations, United States: tactical aircraft platforms, United States: strategic aircraft platforms, European Space Council and current concerns. On the long-range Navy P-3 maritime surveillance aircraft is the AN/ALR-66B(V)3 ELINT/MASINT system targeted against radars. This capability, however, is much inferior to the Japanese equivalents. Both versions flew until 1984, when the Tselina D was set up in a constellation of 6 satellites. The goals of the FBI's counterintelligence work are to: Protect the secrets of the U.S. Intelligence Community. John Pike states the Socialist government, elected in May 1981 and led President Franois Mitterrand were unknown at the time of his election in May 1981 marked the attempt to put SDECE under civilian control. Currently, under an Army directive, the relevant stakeholders are trying to clarify the EW support mission, which involves the collection and identification of signals, and the SIGINT mission as those in the community see them as complementary but not contradictory, Lt. Col. Chris Walls, deputy division chief for strategy and policy in the cyber directorate, said at the C4ISRNET conference. by Patrick S. Poole. Modern telecommunications technology poses significant challenges to the SIGINT mission, and many languages are used around the world that are of interest to our military and national leaders. In the late seventies, another class of geosynchronous SIGINT satellites, first called CHALET and renamed VORTEX after the code name was compromised. Any of the four stations can act as mission control. It can operate standalone, or network using VHF (PR4G) and HF (TRC3700) communication systems for networking with other SAEC and the SGEA higher level EW system. [19] Its existence was first revealed by the peace activist Owen Wilkes and subsequently confirmed by the National Party Prime Minister Robert Muldoon in June 1984. Most importantly, each NSAemployee is charged with knowing, understanding, and obeying to the fullest the laws of the nation. The Supervisor Control Module (SCM) is an administrator interface to file server and system supervision of the TCAC.[27]. As an. [21], According to the academic Teresia Teaiwa, New Zealand, as part of the UKUSA alliance, collected and analyzed low frequency radio and international satellite communications from the South Pacific region. Ad hoc installations were placed on US warships in the 1940 on. Northrop Grumman developed the SIGINT package for the Global Hawk UAV. Used in tandem with L3Harris' modular . Himashakti, a signals intelligence platform for operations in mountainous terrain to support constrained logistics and mobility challenges. The RU-1 Otter had more built-in SIGINT equipment, but the first purpose-built Army SIGINT aircraft was the RU-8D Seminole, which had a Doppler navigation system and wing-mounted direction-finding equipment, although SIGINT operations still required much manual work. Satellite communications generally must be intercepted by large parabolic antennas on the ground, although there are possibilities that aircraft, intelligence satellites, and ships might also intercept. The center contributed to planning with reference to situations in the Balkans and Africa in the mid-1990s. ", According to Duncan Campbell, "In 1999, the Sabana Seca field station appeared to have at least four radomes for satellite communications, one located beside an existing high frequency interception system targeted on Cuban radio communications. SIGINT involves collecting foreign intelligence from communications and information systems and providing it to customers across the U.S. government, such as senior civilian and military officials. Spain is a MUSIS partner, which should be considered in assessing the potential of information sharing among the partners.[93]. Photographic intelligence was the program's primary objective, and the planes carried one of a . But beneath all the fancy definitions, SIGINT is intelligence collection through the interception of signals whether those signals are via communications (COMINT), or via electronic signals . They also had a MASINT mission against Soviet submarines and missiles. [54], Porpoise,[42] a SIGINT and EW platform that was developed as part of "Programme Sangraha" of DRDO is known to be utilised on some submarines of the Indian Navy. the internet and social networking services have allowed: all of the above. [94] In June 1981, Stone Marion, a civilian who was the former Director of the Paris Airport, was named to the head of the SDECE but met with opposition, as a socialist and civilian, from inside SDECE. [28] He places its Detachment 2 located at Sabana Seca, Puerto Rico; Detachment 3 at Sugar Grove, West Virginia; and Detachment 4 at Yakima, Washington. By Posted christian dior bracelet In hillsboro high school football coaching staff engaged in the collection of Signals Intelligence [ CITA TION Mac20 \l 1033 ]. There is one active earth station, with two due to follow. The French Defence Minister confirmed the Sarigue would be retired because of high operating costs. EORSAT is passive, not to be confused with the nuclear-powered radar ocean surveillance satellites (RORSAT), no longer operational. There is a SIGINT platoon within the Intelligence Company of the new Marine Special Operations Support Group. The updated aircraft was known as the SARIGUE-NG, with the NG standing for Nouvelle Generation or New Generation. Not all EU nations have the traditional French priority for autonomy. SIGINT is a broad discipline, and can include intelligence collection from various means including communications intelligence (COMMINT), electronic intelligence (ELINT) Radar and electronic warfare. However, this aggressive intelligence gathering does not make for better-informed government agencies or higher quality security policy. [92] Following the first successful launch on December 19, 2006, Germany, using a Russian booster, launched the second satellite in its planned five-satellite SAR-Lupe synthetic aperture radar constellation on July 2, 2007, the third on November 1, 2007, the fourth on March 27, 2008 and the last one on July 22, 2008. Online Marketing For Your Business impairment of a signals intelligence collection platform Orfeo is a dual-use (civilian and military) earth observation satellite network developed jointly between France and Italy. <>>> stream An indicator of an ELINT role is the presence of a cheek-antenna array externally similar to the AEELS (Automatic ELINT Emitter Locating System) on the RC-135U/V/W. It retains many of the C3I and ELINT capabilities of the R-99B. Of the three-vessel Seawolf class, USSJimmy Carter also is of extended length for intelligence systems and special operations. Right there in the quote, it lists three subdisciplines of SIGINT. Blocks IV (expected IOC 2008) and V (expected IOC 2015) It should be stressed that the Torrejon center deals only with IMINT and possibly SAR and multispectral MASINT. Many of the operational and proposed systems have bilateral information sharing agreements, such as France providing ELINT to its radar MASINT SAR and its IMINT partners. The FASB's new goodwill impairment testing guidanceASU 2017-04, required for public SEC filers for periods beginning after December 15, 2019while intended as a simplification, could result in less precise goodwill impairments for reporting entities. NSA is prohibited from requesting any person to undertake activities that NSA itself is prohibited from conducting. Raytheon and Northrop Grumman would be the partners for the actual SIGINT electronics.[89]. ?vT`SQQL,?`.eZ)C`y|/l{a,Ji=z)1 .k+e!{{;_P\n_>neaLHU[Qc;gIYvE`tsZ~X#JYH&K"2|I=]Ir`nb";C>Ed24{P!17sg endstream endobj 180 0 obj <>stream By James E. David*. (V)1 -a commercial off-the-shelf version in a transit case configuration used to augment Military Intelligence dissemination and communications requirements primarily at corps and division, and some EAC, (V)2-SBCT (pallet, shelter, ECV, trailer) for Army Brigade Combat Teams. In a Ministre de la Dfense 12/18/2004 statement, France announced[98] that Helios 2A is part of an exchange program planned with the SAR-Lupe and Italian COSMO-SKYMED systems, under development respectively in Germany and Italy. Helios 2 is a FrenchBelgianSpanish partnership. [20] Meanwhile, the Waihopai Station was built by the Fourth Labour Government in April 1988 and began operations on September 8, 1989. According to a Thales executive, Giorgio Piemontese, a followon needs to be planned soon to avoid a gap. While the main subordinate command at Sugar Grove is redacted, it would appear, given the presence of large satellite antennas at Sugar Grove, but it not appearing in lists of NSOCs, that it is principally an intercept facility. J .+0w%}`G\/Jiy(~86iBEziI/cg2"!LR%c|O, W #. In the 1950s and 1960s, SIGINT personnel flew aboard Navy EA-3B aircraft. The Extract update increased the platform's level of automation, adding a central database and data fusion capability, while Tigershark was especially tailor-made for COMINT ops in Asia. Its data is shared with the Bundesnachrichtendienst BND. SGEA will do intelligence fusion, including from UAV-carried sensor, and coordinate with electronic attack. MAGNUM geosynchronous SIGINT satellites were first launched from the Space Shuttle in 1985. Especially with tactical aircraft, there was a gap between the knowledge of SIGINT personnel and the understanding of warfighters. [50] The vessel concerned is the 1,900-ton renamed Alerta, In East German service, she had extensive antennas and a large radome. [37], Subordinate to Radio Battalions, US Marines have a multifunction AN/MLQ-36 Mobile Electronic Warfare Support System that gives the operators limited armor protection. After two international incidents, US doctrine is to conduct ship-based SIGINT missions with warships, which can protect themselves as Pueblo and Liberty could not. The Nimrod was retired from RAF use in 2011,. While some may call "Transformation of the United States Army" a "buzzword", the idea reflects some very major changes. Far from it, in fact. [104] After proof-of-concept of an ELINT payload on the first-generation IMINT satellites, the Tselina program was started in 1964, and the first successful launch of the simpler, lower-sensitivity Tselina O was in 1967. hoByzcI2~k?f`f~)kNV)c/)T=fq|Ij rgU^UZz/Mn ^_atPb2[cdi4AD}}T6RX3UR%Z)hn$h_Q!HO]8J,@)|P L Completing the current ES concept is the AN/ULR-21 CLASSIC TROLL system that increases the probability of SIGINT intercept by 500%, supporting tactical and national requirements.[65]. The system can be controlled manually or via subcompact personal computer. In May 1991, however, the WEU ministers agreed to create the European Union Satellite Centre in Torrejn de Ardoz, which became a permanent center in May 1995. 1 0 obj How are the activities of the NSA regulated and who monitors them? For a number of years, France operated DC-8 aircraft "Sarigue" dedicated to ELINT. (A) Targeted collection shall be prioritized. In 1989 the unit was renamed Joint Defense Space Research Facility, Pine Gap, in 1998 becoming US Naval Security Group Detachment, Alice Springs and in 2005 becoming Navy Information Operations Detachment (NIOD) Alice Springs, Australia. The German SAR Lupe and Italian CosmoSkyMed radar satellites will last up to 2017 or 2018.[93]. Pine Gap facility is located approximately 12 Mi west south west of Alice Springs, Northern Territory. During the 1991 Gulf War, France's dependence on US assets convince it that it needed its own, or at least European, space-based intelligence. On 19 Sep 2004, it was reported that in addition to a 50% cost overrun on an electronics upgrade by Thales, the weight of the new upgrade violated safety limits. The participants are Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy and Spain. In addition to our own intensive work, the review process drew on input from key stakeholders . How does the NSA ensure its employees are aware of and abide by the regulations? 39zFmmw.M}%n'mbv"{S*J^%0,wfYw jhH//QbrCl-{kY+/SgM*4%;H-P^ M:47Nq\ v*oe{f03ko;\4K$)mvitm[ endstream endobj 182 0 obj <>stream Some platforms considered strategic, including the P-3 and RC-135 RIVET JOINT aircraft, may be assigned in support of large tactical units. Early and ongoing cross-functional coordination between accounting, valuation and tax . French Essaim ELINT satellites were launched with Helios 2A. The next largest is damage to bilateral relationships, especially with the US. {K~HZ!WXuyY.Hu6gGxyb^6ug$XK$ The Navy EA-6B Prowler replaced the USAF EF-111 Raven EW aircraft for all services, and the EA-6B Prowler is being replaced by the EA-18G Growler. The more complex Tselina D first flew in 1970, a more complex Tselina D spacecraft started flying. [citation needed] No. Far beyond that, however, many submarines will penetrate hostile areas, raise SIGINT receiver masts, usually with some type of radar-observant covering, and listen. specific signals intelligence collection activity may include, for example, a specific line of effort or target, as appropriate. The balance between building European capability without duplicating NATO remained an issueGerman SIGINT units that were part of the French-led Multinational Division (MND) in Bosnia provided intelligence to the division-level French headquarters. DGA officials note that Essaim has greater capacity than its predecessors and will provide some operational data. MASINT will include ground surveillance radars (PPSSD) and the ImprovedRemotely Monitored Battlefield Sensor System (I-REMBASS) aboard a shelter-mounted HMMWV. As a defense agency, NSA operates under the authority of the Department of Defense. UK E3D AWACS do not have SIGINT capability. At a Helsinki meeting in December 1999 and a follow-up meeting in Sintra, Portugal in February 2000, there was agreement on a 15 brigade multinational corps with air and naval support, ready by 2003. The R-99A is an Airborne Early Warning & Control aircraft (AWACS) equipped with the Erieye airborne radar from Ericsson AB of Sweden. . [citation needed], Author Sherry Sontag asserted in Blind Man's Bluff: The Untold Story of American Submarine Espionage that British submarines have been involved in collaborative SigInt collection since the 1950s. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) The National Security Agency/Central Security Service (NSA/CSS) is a key member of the Intelligence Community and, by its very nature, requires a high degree of confidentiality. % Danish subs had the UK Racal/Thales Sea Lion precision DF system. Especially sophisticated SIGINT submarines may tap undersea cables. [54], EADS (formerly DASA) also equips British submarines with the CXA(2) HF interception and DF suite. Misawa, although many of its SIGINT units were deactivated in 20002001, still had an RSOC coordination role. EMISAT is an Indian reconnaissance satellite[101] under DRDO's project Kautilya[102] which is meant to provide space-based electronic intelligence or ELINT.
Motorcycle Accident Sacramento,
When All Of God's Children Get Together Marvin Williams,
Articles I
